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During this time of the year, Muscle Building for the Triathlete is crucial to building a good muscular aerobic base for the continuation of preparation and goals for 2015. In addition to the general muscular enhancement we have seen in other articles ( The Functional Gym: Utility For the athlete in the winter ), specific muscle strengthening sessions will be required. Bike is a great way to perform good conditional training to improve Muscle Strength, and especially Strength Resistance. Of course, the biggest limit at this time for using the Bike (not for everyone) is to have bad weather conditions to go out on the road. For this reason, the use of Mountainbike is also good in this period so that we can develop a good muscular strength, even more so if we think of the heaviest relationships used and the dirt and off-road paths that are normally used for the sessions of MTB. It is also possible to mention the differences between the features of the cycling bike and the MTB
Component | Road bike | MTB |
Wheel Diameter | 26/28 | 26/29 |
crank | 34/50 - 39/53 | |
Handlebar | curved | Dirico |
Brakes | The caliper (archetto) | Cantilever / V Brake / disc |
Pedals | Quick release tripod | Quick release / crankshaft |
Damping system | Rigid fork | Front, full stiff |
Shoes | Plastic polymer crates | Metal notch |
Also, before moving on to the improvement of the conditional aspects for each sport and discipline, it is appropriate to improve the technique, and in this case, having to train with a medium, the Bike, it is best to know and use it best. So surely, along with the session conditions for improving Muscle Strength and Resistance, it is advisable to include technical exercises and sessions on:
Now, before we go into the specific training of the Bike Bike as far as the Triathlete is concerned, it is worth taking a moment back and understanding what are the technical and above all physiological characteristics of a Triathlon race? Which mechanisms and qualities should be developed? What are the best strategies to take to get the desired enhancements? Is there a difference between using Bike in Cycling and Triathlon?
The Triathlon as you know is a seamless multidisciplinary approach where the various Swimming, Cycling and Racing disciplines alternate. So there are not really three disciplines, but it's a single discipline, where we also include the expected moments (and workouts) of Transitions between one fraction and the other. So from the definition it is understood that the fraction of cycling in the Triathlon is different from a "dry" race of cycling and some technical and conditional aspects may differ. It is also worth considering what distance we are preparing to better focus attention on some conditional and technical qualities. Surely if we train for short sprint and olympic races, then bike workouts must primarily mirror sessions with distinctly Anaerobic features, of course without neglecting Aerobics. While for medium and long races like IronMan 70.3 and IronMan, then it is preferable that Bike training primarily stimulates the Aerobic mechanism, without neglecting Anaerobic training that will be trained in a reduced way!
IMPROVEMENT OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH
As for the improvement of muscle strength for the Triathlete by using the Bike at this time of year, it is desirable to use exits on hilly paths with different slope changes and climb lengths. Of course, when talking about muscular strength, we have different expressions of strength that we can develop that can be enclosed in:
These are the most important, obviously, for the Triathlete (as well as for any cyclist), muscle strength can be developed in all its components and features, it always depends on the training period and race (physiological and technical characteristics) that we are preparing. In fact, if we take into account the Sprint race and the IronMan 70.3 race there may always be some technical features that resemble, for example, there may be both times when there are ups or downs "raises" but Surely they will be more frequent and intense in sprint races and not in midrange (70.3) and long (IronMan) races.
Certainly during this winter period when a Muscle Strength is being built and technical sessions should be used which refer to aerobic and non-intensive conditional quality (Anaerobic) conditional quality because it would be difficult to keep them and above all to dispose of lactic acid In the days following the training. So definitely underlying effective workouts there must be an improvement of Aerobic Resistance with long training sessions and improved Muscle Strength Resistance. We can say that surely in order to build a Muscle Strength Base it is crucial first to develop a Basic Aerobic Resistance, so to build the physiological foundations to then develop the Specific Muscle Strength. Obviously, both physiological qualities can be developed at the same time, as they intersect at best, Aerobic Resistance is also conditioned by the major or minor Muscle Strength, as Muscle Strength may be conditioned by an ineffective Basic Aerobic Resistance.
As for workouts for the improvement of the Resistive Muscular Strength, it should be developed especially with medium to long climbs that allow you to maintain the effort for a long time, then climb 3km further! It tries to increase the length of training (length of climb), and difficulty (quality / slope) of climbs. Obviously the reports used must always be adapted to their physical condition of the moment, surely at this time of year when we squeezed our body and are creating the "aerobic and muscular bases", it is advisable to be cautious with too heavy reports for not "Burn" already in the first pedal and exit the energy sources!
As for Exercise Improvement Workouts, it is advisable to enter short climbs, possibly with startups, to create specific adaptations that serve a Triathlete when it needs to change "step" and overcome an opponent, or "relaunch" after a curve, Or climb section! So it is important to use short climbs that allow you to make the most of your energy resources that will be predominantly from a short, intense anaerobic mechanism.
Below we see some examples of training session sessions to improve aerobic strength and muscular strength
Weeks | Muscle Strength | Aerobic Resistance |
1 | Heating 20km Repeat climb 10 x 100mt Rec down Regeneration 20km | RS 10km Hydrotherapeutic Aerobic Fund 40-50km DF 10km |
2 | Heating 20km Repeated Uphill 10 x 200mt Rec down Regeneration 20km | RS 10km Hilly Aerobic Fund 50-60km DF 10km |
3 | Heating 20km Repeated climb 10 x 300mt Rec down Regeneration 20km | RS 10km Hydrotherapeutic Aerobic Fund 60-70km DF 10km |
4 | Aerobic Fund Plain From 50 to 60km with rhythm variations | Aerobic Fund Plain From 50 to 60km with aerobic rhythm variations |
5 | Heating 20km Repeat climb 10 x 1km Rec down Regeneration 20km | RS 10km Hydrotherapeutic Aerobic Fund 70-80km DF 10km |
6 | Heating 20km Repeat Uphill 5 x 1km downhill Repeat Uphill 5 x 2km downhill rec Regeneration 20km | RS 10km Hydrotherapeutic Aerobic Fund 80-90km DF 10km |
7 | Heating 20km Repeat Uphill 5 x 1km downhill Repeat Uphill 5 x 3km downhill rec Regeneration 20km | RS 10km 90- 100km Collateral Aerobic Fund DF 10km |
8 | Aerobic Fund Plain From 50 to 60km with rhythm variations | Aerobic Fund Plain From 50 to 60km with aerobic rhythm variations |
As can be seen from the table above, we have included two training sessions with the Bike to improve Resistance and Muscular Strength, of course, that there should be at least two days of active rest between the two sessions, where we can enter swimming sessions quickly. One of the two sessions or above all of the Hydro Aerobic Fund can be replaced with MountainBike exits on dirt paths that have a great effect on improving Aerobic Strength and Resistance. After 3 weeks of loading you can place aerobic drainage seats in the plain to restore some glamor to the legs, all as always must be adapted to your physical condition of the moment! As for climbing slopes, it is normal that the ascent is short and intense (high) must be the slope of the ascent to make the heart rate and intensity increase faster, especially in repeated jobs . While for Collinear Aerobic Workouts it is preferable to climb up various slopes, lengths and not too steep at least during the first 4-8 weeks of workout!
Good Triathlon at Everyone!
(By Runningzen by I. Antonacci)
Coming soon from MOTUS two new models of bike helmets from GIRO. In the new collection of AROUND 2015, the road helmet SYNTHE and helmet with visor AIR ATTACK SHIELD. The helmet SYNTHE, suitable for cycling on the road, is a completely new model, Made in three sizes the SYNTHE weighs 234g and was designed in a wind tunnel to ensure excellent aerodynamic characteristics. It is equipped with closing system PLUS ROC AIR. Four available colours SYNTHE. It is a helmet used by the BMC Pro Cycling Team.
CRAIG ALEXANDER, a three-time world triathlon camipone on distance IRONMAN in KONA has signed a major partnership agreement with the Australian company specializing in products for 2XU triathlon
When you say Zoot the first thing that comes to mind is the triathlon.
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Coming from MOTUS new rollers from Finnish firm indoor training TAXC. TAXC hometrainer range is enriched with new models like the BUSHIDO SMART, the SATORI VORTEX SMART and SMART. 2015 range also fits the TACX IRONMAN, designed and dedicated to the lovers of riathlon, born from the partnership between TACX and the famous IRONMAN brand, owner of prestigious and international cisrcuito the same long distance races. the roller TACX IRONMAN is TACX TRAINER software ADVANCED 4. The wireless motor brake, you can develop a maximum of 1400 watt resistance, simulating realistic climbs up to 20% of slope. It is also possible to simulate the descent. The reel comes with a canteen IRONMAN HAWAII and the movie the bike path Taxc of the IRONMAN World Championship in Hawaii. There are also DVDs that simulate the paths of many races: IRONMAN 70.3 circuit Lanzarote, Ironman 70.3 Mallorca, Nice, Ironman Lanzarote, etc etc. You can purchase the homerainer Tacx rollers, the DVD to the virtual trainer, spare parts and accessories directly online: click here
It is available from the collection SINCE ITALY MOTUS limited edition. It's the collection designed by Arena for the Italian swimming Federation, or the collection worn by all national team athletes discipline
By MOTUS came the new collection of clothing and accessories for Trail Running that Compressport us realized in a limited edition to the ULTRA TRAIL DU MONT BLANC 2014. It's clothing specially designed for trail running, with dedicated graphics and colours. Short tight-fitting, compression shirts, the famous and compression leggings apprezati R2, Proracing socks Socks. There are even in the limited edition of UTMB Compressport us accessories like cuffs wirstband, the visor and even the bottle. You can see and buy clothing and accessories Compressport us Ultra Trail Mont Blanc Limited edition in our store Arezzo or MOTUS on our online shop www.motusport.it (click here)
This November / December period becomes for the Triatles and Runners a season of agonistic season closure with the latest appointments scheduled in these weeks, and this is why this period is associated with a reorganization of the preparation and goals for the New Year. Certainly a good programming is already starting to evaluate in detail what good or bad was played in this competitive season, then analyze the strengths of the preparation just finished, and the weak points to be improved to reach goals ambitious. The attainment of these goals already begins with the preparation of a good and targeted training schedule, leaving nothing to chance.
PREPARATION PLANNING
The training schedule should reflect the characteristics of each sport being tested, Triathlon and Running, and then take as a reference the various athletic training periods, making sure to achieve the best physical condition possible during the agonistic time when you will take part in the races important. Training programming can be divided into several periods, as we have often mentioned, and concern:
GENERAL PERIOD
In the General Period it is essential to schedule training sessions that reflect the concept of "general", so there are good training sessions that relate to specific discipline, but also activities and sessions of complementary workouts to Triathlon and Running. This period can last from 8 to 12 weeks, depending on your initial physical condition, the goals to be attained, and the time available to train. As said, this period has features that are mirrored both for the Triathlete and Runners, as the general objectives (but specific to the individual discipline) are:
OBJECTIVES GENERAL PERIOD |
|
In this General Period away from races it is crucial to take it calmly, in the sense that there is no need to train too intensively and with specific loads, but you need to find again the physical fitness expired after the transition period that every athlete puts in Act after reaching the agonistic goals of the season. So it is important to calmly reactivate all the qualities that are abandoned, omitted or rescaled in the transition period. The exercises and the activities to be carried out may concern, not the sessions specific to the sport practiced, so for the Runners the Race and the Triathlete, swimming, cycling, running, but also general activities that may consist of the following proposals:
COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES GENERAL PERIOD |
|
The above-mentioned activities can be programmed and executed quietly on days off for those who carry out only racing activities, or in combination with other triatlet-specific activities that normally have fewer days of rest or sometimes train each day to Combining different disciplines. Activities can be alternately proposed week to week by always modifying weekly programming so that they transmit important training stimuli and have more motivation.
As for the disciplines specific to the Triathlete (Swimming, Cycling, Running), for Runners, they should always be programmed with the aim of improving the General Aerobic Resistance, the General Muscle Force and Specification, the Technique.
An example of programming for the General Period, both for the Triathlete and for the Runners, can be the one mentioned below, which should be taken as a general example to fit your physical condition and your ideal programming, both as a workout frequency and How intensity!
WEEKLY PROGRAMMING GENERAL PERIOD - TRIATHLET |
Sept. | Lun | Tues. | Mer | Gio | Ven | Sat | Dom |
1 | Swimming CrossFit | race | Swimming Bike | race | Swimming Pylates | Bike | race |
2 | Swimming Potenz | race | Swimming Spinning | race Yoga | Swimming Rowing | Bike | race |
3 | Swimming Functional Training | race Pylates | Swimming Bike | race | Swimming Pylates | Bike | race |
4scarico | Swimming | race Yoga | Swimming | race | Swimming Pylates | Bike | race |
WEEKLY PROGRAMMING GENERAL PERIOD - RUNNERS |
Sept. | Lun | Tues. | Mer | Gio | Ven | Sat | Dom |
1 | CrossFit | race Yoga | Swimming Rowing | race | Swimming Pylates | Rest | race |
2 | Potenz | race Pylates | Swimming Spinning | race Yoga | Swimming Rowing | Rest | race |
3 | Functional Training | race Yoga | Swimming Rowing | race | Swimming Pylates | Rest | race |
4scarico | Swimming | race Pylates | Swimming | race | Swimming Pylates | Rest | race |
SPECIFIC PERIOD
The specific period may last 8-12 months, it will depend on our physical condition and the sport experience we are devoting to, the more we are new to the discipline, the shorter this specific period, the more we are experienced and trained and the longer it will be The specific period. During the specific period we will plan and finalize the preparation better, by organizing training sessions that take into account the technical gesture and the specificity of the sport we practice. It is important during this time to try the race rhythms, to train intensively ever closer and closer to the racing conditions, recovery is essential in order to be able to handle each training session at its best, the specificity of the gesture is the basis of this period Specific preparation. Nothing must be left to chance, from racing pace, to nutrition and race integration.
triathlete
For the triathlete there will be training sessions for the different disciplines Swimming, Cycling, Racing respecting the conditional and technical conditions of the race we are preparing (Sprint, Olympic, IronMan 70.3, IronMan). Depending on the goal to be achieved, sessions will be scheduled that reflect as much as possible the conditional and technical features of the race being scheduled. So if we are preparing Sprint and Olympic, there will be sessions aimed mainly at improving anaerobic threshold and running at fast pace, the training will be shorter and intense. While we are preparing an IronMan 70.3 or IronMan race, the scheduled sessions will ultimately aim to improve the Aerobic Resistance and Lipid Power with ever-longer and less intense exercises, without neglecting very important mental training sessions in the management Of long-term fatigue.
RUNNERS
As with the Triathlete, the Runner in this period also needs to be trained in the specificity of the technical gesture and the best possible performance. The training aims to improve the pace of the race and to become aware of that rhythm to be sure to handle it during the race. The training sessions will reflect the race we are preparing, so if we are preparing 10km races it will be important to improve aerobic power (anaerobic threshold), if we are preparing a 21km we will need to improve Aerobic Capacity, if we are preparing the Marathon, The improvement of Aerobic Resistance and Aerobic Power, as well as improving mental strength!
AGOSTIC PERIOD
After a long training of 5 to 8 months according to the race we want to participate in, we finally get to the agonistic period where the efforts are repaid with the best results, or at least hopefully everything happens in the best of ways and wishes. In order for ours to be a Peak Perfomance, we need to regenerate our body at this time, we better prepare ourselves, and do not neglect any aspect of the competition, race tracking, weather conditions we will find in the race , The nutrition and the integration to be implemented before, during and after the race and above all to understand how rush we can handle the race and what end time forecast we can hope for. This period will be discussed specifically in other articles, and now it is crucial to understand how to best train athletic training for the new year and how to set ever more ambitious goals.
In conclusion, we can say that during this period of agonistic year, from November to December, it becomes crucial to better organize the athletic preparation for the new year, all this will be done after we set our 2015 "agonistic agonistic goals" (that is, Respect our World and Everyday Life without neglecting interpersonal and business relationships). Aware of the fact that not always a good training schedule, the athlete leads to the best agonistic result, unfortunately not always the preparation goes "swollen and smooth" but surely it can already be a good point to Start to have clear ideas about goals and races to be played, planning the best preparation without leaving nothing to chance!
Good workout schedule!
(From Runningzen by Prof. I. Antonacci)
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Adjustment systems of the LEKI poles: Speed lock and Super Lock
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FELINE RESCUE SYSTEM vs. THE NORTH FACE HAYASA
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DYNAFIT Italy Press Office
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You are disputed to Iseo (BS) Sunday July 6 Italian Championships Olympic Triathlon No Draft for Age Group. Here are the medalists and the attached files with absolute rankings both men and women.MEN
SENIOR 1
1 8 22 LABUNSKY MARCO 8 2:17:55 1 707 S1 + 00:08:54
16 24 2 FILIPPO GALLI TRI RASCHIANI PAVESE S1 2 16 2:22:38 + 0:13:37
43 FOUNTAIN 21 3 MATTHEW DDS S1 3 2:23:49 21 + 0:14:48
SENIOR 2
4 1 61 FEDERICO INCARDONA NLF S2 1 2:15:58 + 4 00:06:57
7116 SARZILLA MICHAEL RASCHIANI 2 TRI PAVESE 2 7 2:17:20 S2 + 00:08:19
10 3 63 ANDRENUCCI OXYGEN ISHAQ TRIATHLON 3 10 2:19:12 S2 + 0:10:12
SENIOR 3
1 SALINE GABRIELE 707 S3 6127 1 6 2:16:51 + 00:07:50
11128 2 MICHELE SALAD ASD NADIR ON THE ROA S3 2:20:21 + 11 0:11:21 2
3 12131 CIVERA FABIO 2:20:47 707 S3 3 12 + 0:11:46
SENIOR 4
1 9271 IULIANO FLORENCE CHRISTIAN TRI S4 1 9 2:18:44 + 00:09:43
23276 MANGIAROTTI 2 MARCO CREMONA TRIATHLON ST. 02:24:09 23 2 S4 + 00:15:08
3 25281 MORANDI MIRKO PRO PATRIA A.R.C. B S4 2:24:27 + 25 0:15:26 3
MASTER 1
3467 1 BONAZZI LUCA FREEZONE M1 3 2:15:41 1 + 00:06:40
2 BRUNO PASQUALINI A.S.D 5466. TORINO 5 2 TRIATH M1 02:16:09 + 00:07:08
13468 3 BULGARELLI ALFIO SURFING SHOP TRIATHL M1 3 2:21:12 13 + 0:12:11
MASTER 2
38698 CRUST 1 STEFANO RHO TRIATHLON CLUB M2 02:27:08 + 38 1 00:18:08
2 WHITE 41815 DENIS UDINE TRIATHLON M2 2 2:27:50 + 41 0:18:50
3 44699 BOVOLENTA ALESSANDRO TRI NOVARA M2 2:28:20 + 44 0:19:20 3
MASTER 3
CAVALLERETTI ANGEL TRIATHLONLECCO 52867 1 M3 02:29:03 52 + 1 00:20:02
54869 2 ZANE FRANCIS A3 M3 2 54 2:29:13 + 0:20:12
73873 3 Z 3 LUCIANO PADOVANUOTO 73 2:31:43 DYNAMICA M3 + 0:22:42
4 MASTER
1132967 EMANUELE PADOVANUOTO POLGA DYNAMICA M4 1 132 2:36:52 + 0:27:51
HENRY SALT TRI FDM 2151961 M4 0:29:39 2 151 2:38:40 +
3221964 APPRENTICES ETTORE FERALPI TRIATHLON M4 221 02:43:04 + 3 00:34:03
MASTER 5
1 311 1001 MARCELLIN ALBERT CUS TORINO TRIATHLON 1 311 2:48:39 M5 + 0:39:38
2 377 1011 TAM GIANMARCO TRIATHLON CREMONA ST M5 2 377 2:52:16 + 0:43:15
3 607 1002 PIOLANTI STEFANO CHAKRABORTY TRIATHLON M5 3 03:06:58 + 607 0:57:57
MASTER 6
1021 1 430 VANZI MICHELE T.D. RIMINI M6 1 430 02:55:08 + 00:46:08
709 1027 MAGIC 2 VITTORIO SPORT EXTREME M6 709 3:16:43 2 + 01:07:43
3 823 1022 KNIGHT ALFREDO T.D. RIMINI M6 3 823 03:36 + 01:27
7 MASTER
1028 1 867 RAMELLA AUGUSTINE TRI M7 1 867 WEDGE 05:07:55 + 2:58:55
In the world of cycling De Marchi is synonymous with tradition. If you think of vintage bicycle, the so-called heroic cycling, you can't help but think of De Marchi, the brand has dressed the greatest champions in the history of international cycling.
Rounding out the production, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary, the capsule collection: sweaters and lightweight merino wool polo shirt, gloves and hats inspired by historical models of the company, worn by the legendary champions of the past. Testimony of great tradition but also synonymous with a highly developed contemporary taste, each of these items is made in Italy through the features of yesteryear. Because those who produce true quality stands from the details.
Alessandro Degasperi has completed his first race "iron distance". The Queen of triathlon distance, what can glorificarti most of all. He did it with the sample catch conquering what seemed to a chimera, an unexpected 5th place.Unexpected because Sunday 6 July theIronman Frankfurt Germany was valid as European Championship which took several among the strongest ever on the ironman distance.
Including the likes of triathletes Sebastian Kienle (2-time winner of the world title over the distance IM 70.3), Frederik Van Lierde (current world champion), Jan Frodeno (Olympic champion in 2008 and vanquisher of the Ironman 70.3 circuit), Andreas Raelert (holder of the best performance in a triathlon, 226 registered to Challenge Roth in 2011, 7:41 ' 33 "), Ronnie Schildknecht (7 Ironman winner).
Also unexpected because from May onwards has struggled with a calf strain and a major crackdowninflamed Achilles ' tendons.
When there is the Dega di mezzo, however, you can't take anything for granted: the guy from doing polite and quiet has within himself a grit and a fighting spirit out of the ordinary, characteristics that have allowed him to give us important pages in the history of triathlon, including fits this Ironman Germany.
Departure at 6.45, the 3.8 K swim takes place in very high pace and a group of 7 athletes, including Van Lierde, Frodeno, Raelert and Alonso, will start in T1 after just over 45 '. 4 ' off the band with Degasperi, Kienle, Schildknecht, Plese.
Start the bike that will give many twists: Van Lierde trying to stretch, from behind is overbearingly Kienle that eventually will register a stratospheric 4:12 ′ (180 miles no draft to 42.94 kph average!), Frodeno fora the tubular 3 times and lost precious minutes, Raelert can't keep up the pace of the first.
Degasperi chooses to keep his pace and eventually will mark its Pico White Chrono equipped Campagnolo, the partial day 3° (4:29 ' 51 ", at an average of 40.13 km/h).
Starts the last fraction, the marathon, which will give it too many twists: Kienle descends from the bike with an incredible advantage on the second, administers and wing at the finish line for his first victory in an Ironman and won the European title on the day of his birthday 30°.
Final time of Kienle: 7:55 ' 14 ", records of the event.
Van Lierde tries to recover, but you have to "settle" the second place in a time of 25 seconds for more than 8 hours. Will declare at the end of a perfect race, but have found a stronger champion him here today.
Frodeno, after repeated punctures, falls from bicycles, begins to run, accuses cramps, he recovers and starts flying: does mark a day of partial 2:43 ' 14 "that earned him the low rung of the podium.
Schildknecht, Degasperi and Plese run in pairs up to 25 km. Then accuses some problem Degasperi stomach and drops the beat losing ground on the duo.
The Dega once again do not lose heart and, after this moment of crisis, back to run and manage to overcome the 40° Plese, conquering thus the Top5 in time of 8:20 ' 39 ".
Time after Daniel Fontana and Danilo Pabustan, does it become the third Italian faster than ever over the distance.
This is the comment of Dega line: "I made a cautious race until mid cycle fraction, then I felt better and better and, in the second part of the race, I managed to do a bit of selection along with Schildknecht and Plese. In the village I started running at a pace that seemed quiet than those to which they are accustomed in 70.3. The second half of the Marathon was an ordeal, I was continually apart, I had to drop the pace and, in the last two kilometers, I clenched my teeth to regain fifth place. I paid, in this part of the race, the precarious preparation of the last period. The On and CloudSurfer Compressport us US helped me a lot to hold off inflammation to the Achilles tendon that patisco by a little, I'm looking for the ultimate solution with new Orthotics but still haven't found and thus, at 21° miles I replaced the new insoles with old ones to avoid overloading the calves. Thanks to my sponsors, my family, my team, my friends and my supporters that I have ever done to miss their support even in the most difficult times. "
Of course the Dega is happy of the result achieved which allowed him to earn valuable points for the qualification for the Ironman World Championship Hawaii at Kona. Now the Fort is the Fiemme athlete 51° instead of the world ranking.
Alessandro Degasperi
The blue dress Has more than once, and climbed on the podium of the most important national competitions and Olympic triathlon. After the runners-up in 2007 and 2008 at the Ironman 70.3 Championships decides to devote himself to collecting good results, especially from 2011. In 2012 the Dega Crown one of his dreams by winning the Ironman 70.3 of Zell Am See (Salzburg) and conquering numerous podiums. Defends the colors of CUS Trento. In 2013 is a bronze medal at the European Championships of Ironman 70.3 Wiesbaden, second at Ironman 70.3 Italy and third at Challenge Rimini. The Dega is supported by some of the most important companies worldwide: On, white, PowerBar, Aquasphere, Pasta Young Endurance, Compressport us, Rudy Project, Santini, fi'zi: k, Vision, Campagnolo, Garmin, Trispecialist.com.
Website: www.aledegasperi.net
Facebook: www.facebook.com/degasperiale
Twitter: @tridega
Source: press release
Now measure your Watts of power on a bike isn't all that expensive. With the new power meter for cycling ROTOR POWER LT, lightness and affordability are affordable for all cyclists who want to train and compete by monitoring their parameters of power on the pedals. An easy and light, with only 535g of weight (Crankset, powerLT complex, without the crowns). Available co aluminium shaft with a diameter of 30 mm and with a BCD 110x5.
An important result for the rankingfor Kona; the European title has attracted athletes from around the world in Frankfurt including current world champion Luc Van Lierde, Olympic champion Jan Frodeno, the former European champion Andreas Raelert and many others. Despite his win at the Challenge Kraichgau a few weeks ago, Sebastian Kienle knew that a perfect race for him to beat the illustrious opponents.
Swimming
Were the talented swimmers that worried Kienle before the race. "After the first lap swimming, had a deficit of 3 minutes from the leader. I was quite shocked and I was expecting at least 6 minutes after the swim, "said Kienle after the race. However, he managed to keep the gap between him and the fastest swimmers to 3 min 30 sec after swimming 3.8 k in the Langener Waldsee.
A marathon to be proud of
During the closing Marathon, Kienle took off fastest runners. Thanks to a fast run 02:49:35 Kienle has managed to win the race in less than 8 hours to beat the existing record. "I had seen running only part-time, and at the end of the race I was really proud of my performance at the closing of 42 km," said post-race Kienle. "I knew I had a chance to ride so fast thanks to the bike, but I've never been able to demonstrate in reality", summed up a visibly happy Kienle.
Now measure your Watts of power on a bike isn't all that expensive. With the new power meter for cycling ROTOR POWER LT, lightness and affordability are affordable for all cyclists who want to train and compete by monitoring their parameters of power on the pedals. An easy and light, with only 535g of weight (Crankset, powerLT complex, without the crowns). Available co aluminium shaft with a diameter of 30 mm and with a BCD 110x5.
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After the introduction in 2010, Firecrest ZIPP rim launches now on the market a new technology for the carbon bicycle wheels. These are the new ZIPP 404 clincher FIRESTRIKE, available.
Do you know what means the symbol T2 in the name of the Running Shoe SCOTT T2 PALANI?After the introduction in 2010, Firecrest ZIPP rim launches now on the market a new technology for the carbon bicycle wheels. These are the new ZIPP 404 clincher FIRESTRIKE, available.
MOTUS is official dealer of trademark SCOTT RUNNING. The famous American House offers a range of running shoes very cutting-edge technique. SCOTT catalogue is the road both running shoes trail running shoes. Kinabalu, Palani, Race rocker are just a few of the models that you can purchase online at www.motusport.it. With the unique technology running shoes eRide SCOTT offer a support in the medial area very stable, in order to facilitate a very efficient travel. In particular the model between trail running KINABALU 2.0 is one of the most popular shoes in competitions and in mountain running workouts and off the road. In fact, the shoe choice by Marco De Gasperi for competitive Trail and mountain running demanding applications. Buy your shoe SCOTT on www.motusport.it, or come and try it out in our store of Arezzo.
Comes from Garmin, the company that launched the first GPS watch sports for triathlon and multisport disciplines, an advanced GPS watch to train professional and amateur athletes. This is the Forerunner 920XT, with highly advanced features including new travel dynamics, VO2max estimate, real-time tracking with Live Track function, Smart Notification, daily step recording, sleep monitoring, bandwidth Motivational to movement and daily caloric consumption.
The Forerunner 920XT includes a number of important workout features in a sports watch and easy to wear under the mud because it's 18% thinner and 15% lighter than its predecessor, the Forerunner 910XT . It comes with a high resolution color screen and can be worn every day because if not used in training it becomes a wrist sports watch. It also becomes a fitness band: measures the calories and calories burned during the day, giving you a more complete picture of your daily activity.
If you're training in the pool or in free water, the Forerunner 920XT acquires detailed swimming metrics, including distance, pitch, number of arms, arm frequency, SWOLF score and more. The Exercise Recording function allows you to easily record swimming exercises including rest periods. Use time alerts to help you keep pace or distance alerts to know when a series ends and start a new one. There are also calorific and arm frequency alerts available to set up directly on the device.
The 920XT is compatible with speed, cadence and heart rate sensors to provide advanced training capabilities for your sessions. You can also view Power Metrics when it is associated with one of the products of the Vector ® Single or Dual Sensor Line.
If you train with a HRM-Run cardio and a Vector , associated with the 920XT, you can get an accurate VO2Max rating. Another feature that allows you to compare with others is the Garmin Connect segments. Once you've finished running and uploaded to Garmin Connect , you can see your position in the segment rankings so you can challenge yourself during your preparation on specific key points.
The first to include race dynamics data for a GPS watch for multisport. Based on the same technology available on the Forerunner 620 and fēnix ® 2 , the 920XT allows you to train to optimize the ride quality when used with a HRM-Run band. This association allows the 920XT to measure cadence (total passes per minute), vertical bust oscillation (bounce height in centimeters during stride) and time to contact with the ground (how long the foot remains on the ground During each roll, measured in milliseconds). It also features an innovative wrist metronome (tones and vibration signals) that can be set based on the pace of travel you are going to undertake.
When used with a cardiac band ( standard or HRM-Run by Garmin), the Forerunner 920XT offers additional features that can calculate your recovery status and race potential. The first is a recovery control, that is, a real-time indication of your condition in the early minutes of an aerobic activity. After the activity, the 920XT provides a rest time indicating how much time it takes before it can be challenged in another challenging effort. The 920XT is also able to provide an estimate of your VO2max for running when used with a HRM-Run cardiac belt and for cycling when, in addition to the cardio band, a Vector Power Sensor is also used.
Now combining workouts and race activities can be viewed completely new in Garmin Connect , our free online community where you can save, plan, and share your efforts. When you complete a task using a triathlon or multisport activity profile on your device, each intermediate step and transition times are stored in a single combined file for analysis, allowing you to access the detailed data of each fraction that you have taken.
You can synchronize data with Garmin Connect in several ways. The 920XT can transfer data via the Garmin Connect ™ Mobile app on your smartphone using Bluetooth® technology. You can also configure one or more Wi-Fi hotspots and the 920XT will sync automatically with Garmin Connect when it's in the wireless coverage area to download your data without even noticing it. Or you can synchronize with the desktop via a USB connection.
Combine the 920XT with your smartphone and Garmin Connect Mobile app to take advantage of additional functionality that can help you stay connected during your workouts. By associating the 920XT with the smartphone and the Garmin Connect Mobile app, you can enjoy additional features such as the Live Track that allows you to be remotely monitored by your trainer, friends, and relatives to display your location on a detailed map with the The ability to show instantaneous and average speed and with the accessories associated with the 920xt also the heart rate, cadence, and power recorded with the Vector Power Meter.
Smart Notifications allow you to view emails, push messages, SMS and other GPS watch sports alerts when this is associated with your Android ™ or Apple® compatible device. When the 920XT is associated with the phone and the Garmin Connect Mobile app, the completed workouts are loaded immediately. Just keep it in your pocket while riding a bike or running to get real-time notifications.
¹ When used with a HRM-Run ™ band; Included in some models, sold separately in others.
² When used with a cardio band.
³ Compatible with Bluetooth® Smart Ready phones . With software from version 4.1 with BLE onwards for Android and 4s onwards for iOS. Android and iOS devices must use the Garmin Connect Mobile app to enable Smart Notifications.
4 If associated with the Android or Apple device and Garmin Connect Mobile.
Overtraining - Definition
Overtraining has been defined by various authors as
Kuipers defines overtraining as an imbalance between workout and recovery resulting in a dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system at the hypothalamic level.
Fry, he talks about an abnormal increase in volume or workout intensity with a decrease in performance. They were especially Fry et coll. To emphasize the fact that it is indispensable to find a rebate in addition to the other elements in order to be able to claim that an athlete is in an overdrawn situation.
Defining the problem
With regard to the elements of the training structure that favor the onset of overtraining, it has been argued that the work volume (especially the one with relatively high intensity) is greater than the intensity itself. In fact, the increase in training volume leads to a reduction in days spent on recovery
The risk of overtraining, however, is mainly related to the imbalance between the loading and unloading reports in the training program
In fact, heavy workloads can be tolerated for long periods of time without getting overtraining by applying the correct principles of load alternation. The term "overtraining" is still discussed and some consider it improper, as it would indicate that the cause of the downtime should only be sought in the excessive amount of training loads. In fact, it has been observed that the causes of poor performance are multiple and are not related solely to errors in planning workouts
There is no clear demarcation between the normal fatigue resulting from training and overtraining; There is, however, an intermediate phase, represented by overheating (overreaching or short term overwork). One of the features that distinguish short-term overestimation from the long-term is the finding that from the first, after proper recovery, it is possible to obtain loan improvements, while once in the second, the only way out is a Recovery phase that lasts for several weeks, which will not lead to performance improvements, but rather the need to start from a low physical condition.
State fatigue stress from workout
After some heavy workouts for intensity and duration, it is physiological that appears a state of stress and stress; If recovery times are met, fatigue disappears, and supercompensation favors restoration and, indeed, improvement of the ability to pay. In this sense, one or two days of recovery or, at most, a period of seven days (exhaust or regeneration microcycle) are sufficient, in which dormant drainage exercises are performed because the symptoms disappear. We are within a normal course of the adaptive processes of the body undergoing a training program.
Over Training or Overtraining
When the athlete is exposed to exhaustive workouts, repeated competitions, and not least other types of stress (working and family environment) so that they are no longer able to express themselves at optimal performance levels, not even after an appropriate Drain and recovery period, then it's fair to talk about overtraining or overtraining. It should be emphasized that, in order to be able to safely diagnose a state of overwork, it is imperative to document a decline in the ability to perform. In the case of overtraining, two different forms must be distinguished: short-term overtraining or overreaching and long-term overtraining or overtraining syndrome .
Overreaching (short-term overtraining)
definition
Transitional Reduction of Prestigious Abilities, which lasts a relatively short period of time (from a few days to two weeks) The athlete experiences a fatigue level higher than that which should result from a normal exercise load and should not be confused with the Normal fluctuation fluctuations that occur in the athlete day-to-day, however, fatigue can be disposed of with proper recovery and this does not compromise the supercompensation processes. It results in a reduction or failure to increase the performance capacity around the 4mML lactate
features
Sometimes this situation is expressly sought out by coaches who consider it a normal part of the training, especially if directed to seeking maximum adaptation to a competition. At the root of overreaching there seems to be a " peripheral " fatigue and, therefore, more typically muscular. If a negative performance, due to a state of overreaching, was not immediately recognized, the trainer could be induced to further increase the workload, with the aim of compensating for the gap in service: in that case the result would be to worsen the Situation, slipping the athlete towards the "overtraining syndrome". That of overreaching is therefore a very delicate stage, which must be recognized in order to avoid the risk of worsening the picture.
Overtraining syndrome (long-term overtraining)
definition
Syndrome characterized by a state of chronic (long-term) psychophysical exhaustion, associated with a decrease in "performance" associated with type symptoms
The prognosis is more severe: this syndrome may last for weeks or months
features
Once established, unlike overreaching, compromises supercompensation processes. The athlete appears emptied, demotivated, and the absolute inability to react positively to the stimuli induced by training. It implies a " central " fatigue state characterized by changes in concentration and motivation abilities.
In the field of overtraining, two forms have to be differentiated:
" Sympathetic " type overtraining
Characterized by increased activity, in rest, of the sympathetic nervous system, which implies acceleration of heartbeat, excitement and restlessness. It is most common in most explosive, then anaerobic, sports, and affects younger athletes more frequently.
In determining it, socio-occupational and environmental factors combine with stress-induced training. The monotony associated with the workouts also plays a significant role in the determination of the sympathetic form.
Symptom of the "sympathetic" overtraining dominance
At a grant level
Cardiovascular level
At anthropometric level
At the immunological level
Emotionally and behaviorally
This is a very large series of symptoms that, however, when appearing individually, if not accompanied by a drop in performance, can not be attributed to an overtraining situation
" Parasympathetic " overtraining
Characterized by the suppression of the activity of the sympathetic and not by a real dominance of the parasympathetic. This results in a typical apathetic and depressed attitude (reduced blood pressure, reduced fc at rest, ease in sleep and rest). It is predominantly found in aerobic sports and older people, and is more difficult to detect because the symptoms are less brilliant and alarming.
The subject, in fact, is in good health, with no sleeplessness (rather with the tendency to sleep more) without weight loss and with normal appetite.
It is the most deceptive form: it is characterized by a series of elements that could easily be confused with the positive changes induced by training (for example, lower heart rate at rest and faster recovery of the heart rate itself after effort )
Characteristic symptoms of "parasympathetic" dominance overpowering
Diagnosing Overtraining - Markers for Early and Preventive Diagnosis
There is no "test" or "marker" that reveals the state of overtraining; For a sure recognition of the problem, different information needs to be crossed, primarily concerning the subject's level of provision (no overdrafts can be said if performance is not deteriorated), therefore hematochemical and psychological parameters. Alteration of some important parameters, along with signs and symptoms of the syndrome, may make it easier to diagnose overtraining.
The central element of the syndrome is of course the reduction of "performance", which should be quantified by using more or less complex and precise functional tests (determination of maximum oxygen consumption, maximum lactate production, etc.), but Which often appears clear from the simple analysis of the results obtained in racing or athlete's behavior.
Biochemical and humoral indicators have been proposed and used to facilitate diagnosis, but the general feeling is that none of these indicators alone can allow for a diagnosis of certainty, and for this reason it must come from an overall analysis The athlete's psychophysical state and a correct interpretation of all available functional and hematochemical parameters. When OT signs become obvious it's too late, so you must prevent them.
Studies to identify early-monitored markers of syndrome are numerous and often conflicting but some aspects of particular interest emerge that are discussed below
Glutamine
It is well known that the immune system plays an important role in the onset of overtraining. The over-rated athlete may suffer a significant reduction in immune defenses, which are responsible for a greater vulnerability to infections, especially the first respiratory tract. Among the hypotheses of depression of the immune system there is a "consumption" decrease in blood glutamine levels, an amino acid essential for protein synthesis occurring within the immune system.
Interestingly, the decline in glutamine occurs only for exhaustive and prolonged efforts (eg marathon), and not for intense, but of lesser duration. Mackinnon and Parry-Billings have thoroughly studied the glutamine kinetics, noting that during the exercise the amino acids, including glutamine, increase in the range from 30 to 300%.
Keep in mind the buffer function of amino acids (especially alanine) as well as the energetic role of glutamate that can be transformed into succinate and enter the Krebs cycle.
During exercise, plasma glutamine levels increase and then decrease during rest and return to pre-exercise level after a few hours.
Under stressful conditions, glutamine decreases mainly in skeletal muscle.
In the OT, glutamine appears to be significantly decreased and this deficiency is attributed to increased frequency of respiratory tract infections.
Neuromuscular excitability
Lehmann indicates reduced neuromuscular excitability (NME) as an OT marker.
The minimum rectangular pulsed current capable of generating a single muscular contraction (with different pulse duration values) is indicated as a Neuromuscular Excitability Index (NME) NME is better in well-trained subjects while significantly deteriorating in the early stages of the TT; Finally, after two weeks of rest (regeneration of the OT), while NME returns to normal levels, symptoms of OT remain. Therefore, the NME may be an OT start marker, but not the restoration of the physiological condition.
Iron and ferritin
Ferritin is an index of the consistency of iron deposits in the body. When iron is consumed to a great extent due to increased requirements in relation to exercise loads or increased losses by sweating, the reserves of the deposits need to be reconstituted quickly. Iron deficiency in the blood and in the deposits can be determined not only by increased consumption but also by inadequate dietary intake or poor assimilation through the digestive tract. It is well established that satisfactory levels of iron in blood (sideremia) and deposits (ferritinemia) allow better athletic performance, also because they maintain high hemoglobin concentrations. The opposite is not proven, but it is true that athletes who experience a decline in performance sometimes have a deficit iron metabolism. Even an increase in ferritin values, not just a drop, could be a marker of a fatigue state, as a significant increase in the value of this parameter occurs in inflammatory diseases or infectious diseases.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit
The hemodilution, caused by the expansion of plasma volume, inevitably leads to a decrease in the concentration values of hematocrit and hemoglobin. In fact, there is no real decrease in the corpusculous part of the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), but only one dilution thereof. Expanding plasma volume, which results in hemodilution, represents a positive adaptation typical of aerobic sports activities such as cycling, and the decline in hemocyte and hemoglobin concentration values does not lead to a decrease in "performance" , At least until iron deficiencies, red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), and red blood cell disorders have been associated with the bone marrow. In this case, anemia is created which can be passed from the prelative state to the latent and, finally, to anemia.
Body weight
At the peak of the competitive season, in addition to the highest level of performance, weight stability is achieved. All the work we did before allowed us to lower the fat percentage up to the minimum individual levels, while keeping the lean mass values (the percentage of muscle) unaltered. So, at this time of year, a decrease in body weight may be a sign of a reduction in muscle mass, probably due to excessive workload. Here is the need to periodically check our weight at least every two to three days, under the same conditions (early morning) to see if there are any significant variations.
Heart rate
Another important alarm bell of over-training syndrome is the progression of heart rate, whether at rest or under stress.
If we find that in the days following an intense effort the resting heart rate is higher than the normal one of this period, we must suspect a start of overtraining. Jeukendrup during a study on professional cyclists highlights a significant increase in heart rate in sleep overreaching. This observation needs further validation, given the limited number (7 athletes) of the subject subject of the research.
Also under stress, your heart rate may give you important signs to avoid fatigue. It may happen that by following a training table set with individual rhythms defined by the heart rate, we can not run, even if we are running or pushing challenging relationships and going at a high speed, raising heartbeats up to the values required by the table. It's as if our heart lost its brilliance, probably because of a poor recovery in the previous days, or because the training output is too demanding for our abilities. In such a situation, it is important to stop the scheduled program and opt for a constant, not too demanding output.
Other symptoms
First of all muscle pain and general fatigue, feelings that even remain at rest. These symptoms are accompanied by a reduction in appetite and amount (number of hours) and sleep quality . Muscular indolence and weakness are caused by a strong deficiency of some essential substances for sports performance such as iron, mineral salts (especially potassium), sugars (muscle glycogen) and proteins. This condition is exacerbated by the fact that, due to the lack of appetite, we reduce the possibility of reintegrating those substances that we would need. The widespread malaise caused by general fatigue leads to a short and agitated sleep, which is at the expense of the recovery of the organism.
Overtraining and hormone system
Urinary catecholamines
Mackinnon during a study on 24 swim samples found that during intense, but short-term training programs, the onset of OT may be reported by a decrease in the urine level of catecholamines (2 to 4 weeks before the onset of Symptoms of OT).
Earlier Lehmann had come to the same conclusion that he had noticed a decreased night-time excretion of catecholamines related to the exhaustion of the sympathetic system. Hooper, while confirming the decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines during OT, denies the significance of exhaustion of the adrenergic system as the blood levels of catecholamines remain normal or increased.
Testosterone and cortisol
Another device that comes to be interested in overtraining is definitely the endocrine. The most well known and studied aspect is the one regarding the balance between cortisol and testosterone levels. Cortisol, considered as a typical expression of stress response, is a hormone with predominantly catabolic functions, while testosterone has essentially anabolic functions. The testosterone ratio (total or free) / cortisol is considered an indirect index of the "protein" balance of the body and, in particular, of the skeletal muscles. According to the majority of authors, a catabolic shift, indicated by an increase in cortisol and / or a reduction in testosterone, should be considered a reliable index of over-training or at least an incomplete recovery from fatigue. Adlercreutz et al. They hypothesized that a decrease in testosterone / cortisol ratio greater than 30% in relation to the subject's standard could have been evidence of an over-exercise. According to the most recent observations, however, this relationship would seem more indicative of the contingent state of workload tolerance, than potential marker of an over-training syndrome proper
Overtraining and Immune System
Dysfunction of the immune system may not allow good protection against pathogenic (immunodeficiency) status, but it is also a cause of illness; This is how to recognize autoimmune diseases when the organism reacts against "self" with systemic manifestations (eg collagenopathies, ie connective tissue disorders) or organ pathologies (eg nephropathy, neuropathies, etc.), diseases Hyperandrosis (allergic diseases), as well as tumors of the same immune system (immunoproliferative diseases).
In recent years, a number of Authors have also investigated the immune function of athletes, focusing mainly on changes that occur shortly after intense physical effort. Although sporting competition has traditionally been regarded as a condition for health benefits, studies conducted show that at least the data collected so far in the immune system does not always orient in this regard.
In fact, in almost all the tests performed, the appearance after the sporting performance of a picture that remembers that of immunodeficiency; This condition is surely transient because the immune system is generally normal in resting athletes.
There is an aspect that coaches well know: that of the reduced athletic efficiency of subjects "superallenati" that accuse an increased susceptibility to infections.
This reasoning focuses on the problem of influencing sports activity on the immune system; A good immune defense makes an athlete less susceptible to infectious processes, as well as a valid physical constitution makes the musculoskeletal accidents less likely.
It is evident that the infectious processes are harmful not only in the imminence of competitions but also during the preparation phase because they alter a carefully prepared work program for months or even years, as is the case with the Olympic Games.
Numerous studies have been conducted on the response of the immune system to physical strain, without however having the criteria for homogeneity and reproducibility. Many variables, in fact, interfere with investigations of this nature: first, the type of effort practiced for the characteristics of intensity, duration and metabolic pathways used; In addition, the value of a physical performance is different if performed by an untrained subject, a practitioner or an international athlete. One last consideration is also the immunological techniques used in the study, which were often different and also linked to the tumultuous evolutions that they have had in recent years.
Clinical manifestations can be represented by infections of various types, mostly viral, from trivial forms such as herpes, to respiratory, tonsillitis, gastroenteritis, to more severe forms, sometimes labeled as "glandular fever" but which can be attributed To diseases such as toxoplasmosis.
In all studies, immediately after physical effort, leukocytosis appeared, involving all cell subpopulations, including lymphocytic
Most researchers agree to detect a more pronounced increase in CD8 ("suppressor") lymphocytes than CD4 ("helper"); This results in a reduction in CD4 + / CD8 + ratio which represents a first sign of immune imbalance.
Even natural killer (NK) cells seem to be modified by physical exercise with increased CD16 phenotype cells and impaired functional activity; It seems that NK activity reaches a maximum immediately after exercise, it shrinks after two hours and has not yet normalized after twenty hours.
Some authors even argue that long-lasting sporting activity depletes unspecified immunity, thus making those who have long practiced sports, like those who have been agonist activities for years, more susceptible to infections.
Moreover, in many close-mouthed athletes, the level of circulating Immunoglobulins G appears to be lower at the end of the agonistic season than at the beginning.
Some Polish researchers argue that most of the immunological parameters would renormalize within two hours, but studies on recovery time are currently few. In other work there have been no alterations to lymphocyte subpopulations at 24 and 72 hours from physical performance
The phase in which the immune system is most vulnerable is the one immediately following physical performance
During physical exertion a large amount of hormones and mediators are released, so it is not easy to trace the mechanisms with which they interact; The same type of metabolism involved, aerobic or anaerobic lactate, could affect the degree of involvement on the immune system.
The three most commonly believed factors responsible for leukocytosis, emoconcentration for extracellular fluid loss, catecholamine secretion, and serum cortisol levels increase appear to be quite restrictive.
Also important are neuropeptides, as intense psychic stress can result in similar immunological modifications and evolve into larvid forms of immunodeficiency.
In high-level athletes, the two mechanisms of physical and psychic stress can coexist; This hypothesis would seem to be supported by the observations of some researchers who found a greater deterioration in the immunological parameters of subjects with higher agonistic performance.
All this however makes it clear that the pathogenesis of immunological modifications induced by exercise is not monofactorial, but linked to the imbalance of those stimulating and inhibitory factors that regulate immune response as a whole.
Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this is achieved. However, it seems advisable to add to the controls that are carried out in the course of sports practice, especially in athletes at a higher competitive level, also an assessment of the immune functions so as to modify the preparation also in terms of preventing those infectious manifestations which while being in Most of the trivial cases often prevent the subject from providing the best competitive performance when this is set.
(Edited by Costantino Bertucelli - www.trainingteam.it )
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